Interpretation of Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Clonorchis sinensis infection is carcinogenic to human,which results in cholangiocarcinoma,confirmed by the World Health Organization. An investigation in 2005 indicated that the standardized C. sinensis infection rate was 0.58%,with 12490000 infected people estimated in the clonorchiasis endemic areas in China. In the world,80%of C. sinensis infected peo-ple were distributed in China. Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis(WS309-2009)was compiled by the ex-Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and it was issued and implemented in March 13,2009. The Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis is composed of six chapters,including the Range of Application,Terms and Definitions,Diagnostic Basis,Diagnostic Princi-ple,Diagnostic Standard,and Differential Diagnosis. Three informative appendices(etiology,epidemiology,clinical manifesta-tion;enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay;differential diagnosis)and one normative appendix(laboratory examination)are ap-pended. The Criteria provides the technical reference for diagnosis of clonorchiasis in medical institutions and disease control in-stitutions. Combined with the current epidemic situation of clonorchiasis in China,this paper interprets the main contents of the Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis(WS309-2009),so as to promote its learning and implementing.

Systematic review of water treatment technologies in the natural disaster striken area / 中华流行病学杂志

Systematical evaluate the literature about application and effect of post-disaster water treatment methods in the recent 20 years through a comprehensive search and collection, to provide the best evidence for decision-making of post-disaster water treatment in the future. The main conclusion are the methodology of water treatment and supply in disaster rescue of developed countries and the world has been comparatively formal and mature. Some simple methods of water supply and treatment play a relatively important part in the disaster rescues.

Molecular characterization of embB306 gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from tuberculosis patients in Chongqing municipality / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the characteristics of embB gene mutation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates from tuberculosis patients in Chongqing, and the value of embB306 as a molecular marker used to diagnose ethambutol (EMB)-resistant MTB strains.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Direct sequencing was used to analyze the polymorphism of embB mutation in 51 EMB-resistant MTB strains and 50 EMB-sensitive MTB strains. And diagnostic testing was used to evaluate the value of embB306 as a molecular marker of EMB -resistant MTB strains as compared with the traditional sensitivity test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All 34 of 51 EMB-resistant strains (66.7%) and 3 of 51 EMB-sensitive strains (6%) had had embB306 mutation. The embB306 mutation rate in EMB-resistant strains coming from previously treated case was 87.5%, showing significantly higher than that from new cases (48.1%, P < 0.01); embB306 mutation rate was increased with the number of the resistant drugs; embB306 mutation serving as a marker to diagnose EMB-resistant MTB strains comparing with the traditional sensitivity test, had the rate of sensitivity = 66.7%, specificity = 94.0%, accuracy = 80.2% and Youden index = 60.7%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>embB306 mutation should be the main mechanism of MTB resistance to EMB in Chongqing, showing an association with the history of the treated and numbers of the resistant drugs. embB306 mutation should be a good marker to diagnose EMB-resistant MTB strains.</p>

Development of a model for the diagnosis and risk classification on anthrax through artificial neural network / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Based on data through clinical and epidemiological studies, a model regarding the diagnosis and risk classification on anthrax was developed by artificial neural network (ANN). The model could integrally diagnose anthrax cases, judge the risk tendency in time, and increase the ability of recognizing the anthrax accidents.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical, laboratory and epidemiological data from anthrax cases was collected and analyzed. The important factors which could greatly influence the results on diagnosis and judgment was chosen and used as the neural units. Through the use of artificial neural network analytic method (back propagation, BP), an intelligent model on the diagnosis and risk classification was developed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Results from the multivariate analysis revealed that: 11 factors including incubation period, chest radiographic and microscopic findings, characteristics on professions etc. were associated with the judgment on the diagnosis and intensity of the epidemics. Through 500 times training on the neural network, the performance error decreased from 6.669 59 to 5.051 19 x 10(-11). The model was then validated. With 100% average correct rate, the predictive value was good.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It was feasible to use the disease information to develop a diagnosis and risk classification model on anthrax by artificial neural network. With 100% average correct rate, the established model was valuable in practice.</p>

Studies on the germination of Bacillus anthracoides spores induced by nutrient germinant / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the germination effects of Bacillus anthracoides spores germinant to nutrient germinant.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Heat factors and nutrient germinant were used to stimulate the Bacillus anthracoides spores and to germinate. Ultraviolet spectrophotometer was used to measured the A value of spore solution in the wavelength of 600 nm. Accrding to the A value, the germination rates in different condition. Transmission electron microscope was used to observe the ultrastructure changes of spores.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rate of germination effects were 68.0% under 6 mmol/L inosine at 37 degrees C, pH 7.9; 74.5% under 70 mmol/L L-alanine at 30 degrees C, pH 8.9; and 85.6% under 6 mmol/L inosine and 70 mmol/L L-alanine at 37 degrees C, pH 8.2. Under transmission electron microscope, the germinated spores' coat and cortex were brokendown and degraded with its core completely exposed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Under suitable environment, the nutrient germinant with inosine and L-alanine might be helpful for germinating the bacillus anthracoides spores.</p>

Study on the nucleic acid of E. coli bacteriophage with broad host range and its sterilization effect to sewage samples from the environment / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the change of nucleic acid sequence and the germicidal effect of an E. coli bacteriophage with broad host range isolated from hospital sewage as well as to study the mechanism of phage host specificity and the effect of killed bacteria by phage-disinfectant to the samples from sewage water.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>To extract the nucleic acid from phage f(2) and phage with broad host range using anti-serum-carbamidine hydrochloride assay. Purity with agarose gel electrophoresis was then evaluated. Differences of nucleic acid sequence between phage f(2) and phage with broad host range with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR were also comparing and analysed. Through observing the germicidal test of phage f(2) and phage with broad host range to samples from environment, different sterilization effects between the two phages were compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Analystic test for nucleic acid revealed that the two phages both belonged to 6000 bp, single-stranded RNA bacteriophage. Significant differences in their specificity of RAPD-PCR and RT-PCR were found during the changed of host range; with 26 RAPD-cDNA differential fragments found that in two phages RAPD-PCR products. The RT-PCR product of phage f(2) was 450 bp cDNA fragment, but the phage with broad host range did not show PCR product. Treating the sewage water with phage under broad host range, the germicidal test showed that the cleaning rate of E. coli bacteria and phage f(2) in water samples from environment could reach 36.75% - 56.28%, 30.84% - 47.96%, 19.19% - 35.06% and 13.05% - 27.85%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The cleaning rates to E. coli and bacteria by phage with broad host range were obviously higher than phage f(2) (P = 0.000). Analytic test for nucleic acid indicated that host-specific lytic effect of phage with broad host range had been changed at genetic level.</p>

Effect of qiangyi jiangtang capsules on diabetes mellitus model rats / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the pharmacodynamics of qiangyi jiangtang capsules (QJC) to offer the scientific foundation for clinical treatment to model rats of diabetes millitus induced by high lipid forage and streptozotocin.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The model rats of diabetes mellitus were induced by intraperitoneal injection of 0.6% streptozotocin (30 mg/kg body weight) given to Wistar rats after feeding with high lipid forage for a month and followed by fasting for 18 hours. Rats with level of blood glucose over 10.0 mmol/L 5 days after modelling was regarded as the successful model. Besides, a group of blank control was set up with rats fed with general forage and injected with equal volume of citric acid buffer solution. The successfully modelled rats were randomly divided into the model group, the positive control group and the high (2.0 g/kg), middle (1.2 g/kg) and low (0.4 g/kg) dose QJC treated groups. Meanwhile, the same volume of normal saline was given to rats in the blank control group and the model group, while Matfarmin (0.5 g/kg) was given to the rats in the positive control group. The levels of blood glucose (BG), serum fructose amine (SFA), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were measured after one month of medication, and the amount of water drinking and food intake were measured at the second and the fourth week of the treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The levels of BG, SFA, HbA1c, the amount of water drinking and food intake in the 3 QJC treated groups were obviously lower than those in the model group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>QJC could remarkably lower the levels of BG, HbA1c, SFA and the amount of food intake and water-drinking of DM model rats, it is a Chinese herbal preparation worthy of further development and research.</p>

Study on meteorological factors-based neural network model of malaria / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>In order to provide reliable data for strategies development on prevention, a meteorological factors-based predicating model for malaria forecast was studied.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data on malaria occurrence and climate changes from 1994 to 1999 in counties in Yunnan province was collected and analyzed with software packages of FoxPro 6.0 and Excel 5.0. The forecasting model for malaria occurrence was established, using the Neural Network Toolbox of Matlab 6.1 software package. In the studies of forecasting model, data of malaria and meteorological factors from 1994 to 1999 in Honghe state in Yunnan province was chosen. The meteorological factors included average monthly pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, monthly maximum air temperature, minimum air temperature, rainfall, rainday, evaporation and sunshine hours in the study. The established forecasting model was also tested and verified.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The BP network model was established according to data of diseases and meteorological factors from Honghe state in Yunnan province. After training the neural network for 100 times, the error of performance decreased from 3.23608 to 0.035862. Verified by fact data of malaria, the efficiency of malaria forecasting was 84.85%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Neural network model was effective for forecasting malaria. It showed advantages as: strong ability for analysis, lower claim for data, convenient and easy to apply etc. Neural network model might be used as a new method for malaria forecasting.</p>

Effect of photon on blood biologic components in photochemical treatment / 第三军医大学学报

Objective　To explore the effect of photon on blood biologic components in blood photochemical treatment. Methods　After the blood sample was adjusted to an appropriate density, it was treated with 0.1 nmol/ml 8-MOP (8-methoxypsoralen), 0.1 nmol/ml TFO (triple helix-forming oligonuletide) and UVA (ultraviolet A radiation) at the intensity of 1 800 μW/cm2 for 3～20 min. The changes of biologic activities of major components in blood were measured with automatic blood gas analyzer, platelet aggregation analyzer, blood coagulation analyzer, micropipette aspiration system and assay of poly-lysine adsorption. Results　The oxygen content in blood was increased gradually. The resilience of erythrocyte was enhanced ，but its adhesiveness was decreased. The parameters related to blood coagulation had some changes but all remained within the normal ranges. Conclusion　Under the definite condition of blood virus being inactivated effectively, the nonspecific effect of photosensitive response may improve blood oxygen content, enhance the transfiguring ability of erythrocyte and decrease the blood viscosity, but having no obvious change on blood coagulation.

Effect of photon on blood biologic components in photochemical treatment / 第三军医大学学报

Objective　To explore the effect of photon on blood biologic components in blood photochemical treatment. Methods　After the blood sample was adjusted to an appropriate density, it was treated with 0.1 nmol/ml 8-MOP (8-methoxypsoralen), 0.1 nmol/ml TFO (triple helix-forming oligonuletide) and UVA (ultraviolet A radiation) at the intensity of 1 800 μW/cm2 for 3～20 min. The changes of biologic activities of major components in blood were measured with automatic blood gas analyzer, platelet aggregation analyzer, blood coagulation analyzer, micropipette aspiration system and assay of poly-lysine adsorption. Results　The oxygen content in blood was increased gradually. The resilience of erythrocyte was enhanced ，but its adhesiveness was decreased. The parameters related to blood coagulation had some changes but all remained within the normal ranges. Conclusion　Under the definite condition of blood virus being inactivated effectively, the nonspecific effect of photosensitive response may improve blood oxygen content, enhance the transfiguring ability of erythrocyte and decrease the blood viscosity, but having no obvious change on blood coagulation.